{"id":2649,"date":"2021-08-24T09:18:46","date_gmt":"2021-08-24T07:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/studiolegalestella.it\/corporate-governance-modelli-a-disposizione-societa-di-capitali\/"},"modified":"2024-09-19T11:41:29","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T09:41:29","slug":"corporate-governance-the-three-models-available-to-joint-stock-companies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/studiolegalestella.it\/en\/corporate-governance-the-three-models-available-to-joint-stock-companies\/","title":{"rendered":"Corporate Governance: the three models available to joint-stock companies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term \u201c<\/span><b>Corporate Governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d includes a set of rules and relationships, tools, processes and systems that aim to <\/span><b>manage an organization correctly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Corporate Governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was created to <\/span><b>express the rules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> according to which corporate decisions are made, both in terms of processes and the definition of the <\/span><b>means to achieve goals. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also includes all the <\/span><b>tools<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> necessary to <\/span><b>measure the results<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Corporate Governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is typically adopted by <\/span><b>joint-stock companies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and can refer to <\/span><b>three different models<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which the organization will choose according to its characteristics and needs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 28px; font-family: 'Prata', serif;\">Ask for advice about Corporate Governance<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn\" href=\"\/en\/contacts\/\">Contact us<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The three Corporate Governance models for joint-stock companies<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before going into <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> specifics, it\u2019s crucial to remember that <\/span><b>joint-stock companies are legal forms taken by medium\/large-sized organizations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to operate a productive business jointly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are characterized by <\/span><b>complete patrimonial autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means that only the company responds to the corporate obligations <\/span><b>with its assets<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. At the same time, the responsibility of the individual shareholders is <\/span><b>only limited to the capital conferred<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and does not intrude on the personal sphere (except for some specific cases).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Joint-stock companies fall into the following types:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Joint-stock company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: SpA<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Partnership limited by shares<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Sapa<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Liability Company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Srl<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Simplified Limited Liability Company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Srls<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>three Corporate Governance models<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to which these organizations may refer are explained in the next section of the article.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ordinary model\/system<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>ordinary system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>typically Italian model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> applied in the absence of a different statutory choice. This <\/span><b>Corporate Governance system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> involves the presence of a <\/span><b>Board of Directors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, be it a Board or a Sole Director, and a <\/span><b>Control Body<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (called the <\/span><b>Board of Statutory Auditors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The latter may exercise <\/span><b>management control and accounting control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if the bylaws expressly provide for this task \u2013 and only if the auditors are part of the <\/span><b>Register of the Auditors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other hand, if the bylaws <\/span><b>do not explicitly attribute<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> this function to the Board of Statutory Auditors or the conditions under which the function can be exercised do not occur, the board <\/span><b>will only exercise the control of legality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In this case, an <\/span><b>external auditor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will be entrusted with the accounting control.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dualistic model\/system<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>dualistic system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (two-tiered) is a <\/span><b>traditionally German model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that divides the company\u2019s administration between a <\/span><b>Management Board and a Supervisory Board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It can be adopted with a specific statutory indication <\/span><b>as an alternative<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the other two Corporate Governance systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this system, the <\/span><b>Supervisory Board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will be entrusted with <\/span><b>specific tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which, in the ordinary model, would instead be the exclusive prerogative of the assembly. The best-known example is the <\/span><b>approval of the financial statements.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, the <\/span><b>Supervisory Board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> must also appoint the <\/span><b>Management Board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is responsible for the <\/span><b>company&#8217;s management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>accounting control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will always be entrusted to an <\/span><b>external body<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (as it happens within the ordinary system), such as an auditor or a company assigned to this specific task.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The monistic model\/system<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>monistic model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (one-tiered) is an <\/span><b>Anglo-Saxon-style Corporate Governance system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that involves the company&#8217;s management delegated to a <\/span><b>unitary body<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (the Board of Directors), within which a special <\/span><b>Control Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is designated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like the dualistic system, this model is <\/span><b>an alternative to the other two<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and can be adopted by all companies through a specific <\/span><b>statutory provision<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, the <\/span><b>audit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will be mandatorily entrusted to an <\/span><b>external body<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as an auditor or an auditing firm. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 28px; font-family: 'Prata', serif;\">Ask for advice about Corporate Governance<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn\" href=\"\/en\/contacts\/\">Contact us<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to choose the most suitable Corporate Governance model<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As previously mentioned, <\/span><b>the company can choose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between these three <\/span><b>Corporate Governance models<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> according to what best suits its corporate structure or is considered more easily applicable in a particular context.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The choice will be entrusted to the <\/span><b>extraordinary assembly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and must be included in the <\/span><b>deed of incorporation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On the other hand, there will be <\/span><b>no possibility of delegating this matter<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the administrative body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The possible \u201cin progress\u201d changes in the management model <\/span><b>may also occur<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> subsequent to the organization&#8217;s establishment. However, they will only take effect from the date of the meeting related to the approval <\/span><b>of the following financial statement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the one related to the modification\u2019s approval.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main differences between the Corporate Governance systems<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In general terms, the <\/span><b>ordinary Corporate Governance model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is considered the most geared toward defending civil liberties. That is because it provides <\/span><b>a clear separation between control and administration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whose appointed bodies are elected separately by the shareholders\u2019 assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other hand, the <\/span><b>dualistic system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> requires the shareholders only to establish the guidelines of the company\u2019s financial program and to take charge <\/span><b>of the most critical decisions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as <\/span><b>extraordinary and capital transactions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>appointment of the supervisory board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These peculiarities make this model ideal for organizations whose management is <\/span><b>entrusted to self-employed managers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and whose <\/span><b>shareholders\u2019 interference is limited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, the <\/span><b>monistic model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has a <\/span><b>flexible and simplified structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> compared to the other two Corporate Governance systems and tends to favor the <\/span><b>circulation of data and information<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between the control and administrative bodies. This makes this system suitable for companies that need <\/span><b>significant savings of time and financial resources.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Stella Law Firm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is at your disposal to help you identify <\/span><b>the most suitable Corporate Governance model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for your joint-stock company: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/studiolegalestella.it\/en\/contacts\/\"><b>get in touch<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with our specialists to book an appointment. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The term \u201cCorporate Governance\u201d includes a set of rules and relationships, tools, processes and systems that aim to manage an organization correctly. Corporate Governance was created to express the rules according to which corporate decisions are made, both in terms of processes and the definition of the means to achieve goals. It also includes all [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2524,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[72,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-company-law","category-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Corporate Governance: the three models available to joint-stock companies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are three Corporate Governance models among which joint-stock companies can choose: let&#039;s find out what they are called and their characteristics.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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